
During the Middle Ages, Jews faced changing fortunes. After the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in the 8th century, they lived under the Dhimmi system and became progressively Arabized. The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain occurred during Muslim rule, when Jews thrived in society, contributing to religious, cultural, and economic life.
With the invasion of the Almohads from North Africa in 1147, Jews fled to Christian Spain, where they remained until their eventual expulsion. The legacy of Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also known as Western Sephardim, endures as a distinctive sub-group of Sephardic Jews with roots in the Iberian Peninsula
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