Maimonides, born Moses ben Maimon in Córdoba in 1135 , emerged as one of the most influential Jewish thinkers of the medieval world, shaping philosophy, law, and medicine across cultures. Forced to flee al‑Andalus after the Almohad invasion, he lived in Fez  and later settled in Fustat (Old Cairo) , where he became both a leading rabbinic authority and the personal physician to the Ayyubid court. His major works— Mishné Torá , a monumental codification of Jewish law, and The

Sephardic Jewish surnames reflect the deep and complex history of Jews from medieval Spain and Portugal and the global diaspora that followed their expulsions in 1492 and 1496. Many of these surnames originated on the Iberian Peninsula before the expulsions, while others were adopted afterward by families who converted under pressure or by those who re‑established Jewish life in new communities across the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, Italy, the Netherlands, and the Caribbean

Sephardic Jewish names reflect the long, multilingual history of Jews from medieval Spain and Portugal and the wide diaspora that followed their expulsions in 1492 and 1496. Many surnames originated on the Iberian Peninsula before the expulsions, while others were adopted later by families who converted under pressure or by those who re‑established Jewish life in new communities across the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, Italy, the Netherlands, and the Caribbean. These names fa

The Disputation of Barcelona, held from July 20 to 24, 1263, was a formal debate between the Jewish scholar Nachmanides (Ramban) and the Dominican friar Pablo Christiani, a Jewish convert to Christianity. Convened in the royal palace of King James I of Aragon, the disputation centered on whether the Hebrew Bible supported Christian claims about Jesus as the Messiah. Nachmanides was granted unusual freedom of speech by the king, allowing him to argue forcefully that the messia