Symbolism of the Four Species

Each of the four plants—etrog (citron), lulav (palm frond), hadassim (myrtle), and aravot (willow)—represents different aspects of the human experience and the Jewish community:

• Etrog (citron): Has both taste and fragrance. It symbolizes someone with both Torah knowledge and good deeds. It also represents the heart—understanding and emotion.

• Lulav (palm): Has taste but no fragrance. This stands for someone with learning but lacking in deeds. It corresponds to the spine—uprightness and strength.

• Hadassim (myrtle): Fragrant but no taste. Symbolizes good deeds without deep learning. It’s linked to the eyes—perception and insight.

• Aravot (willow): Neither taste nor fragrance. Represents those lacking both learning and deeds. It’s associated with the lips—speech and prayer.

Together, they reflect the diversity of people and the importance of unity. By binding them and waving them in all directions, we acknowledge God's presence everywhere and our collective responsibility to uplift one another.

Modern Celebration of Sukkot

Today, Sukkot is celebrated with joy and community spirit. Families build sukkahs—temporary outdoor huts—and decorate them with lights, fruits, and artwork. Meals are shared inside, and guests are welcomed warmly, including symbolic ones known as ushpizin (like Abraham, Moses, and David).

In Israel and Jewish communities worldwide, public celebrations, music, and dancing are common, especially during Simchat Beit HaShoeivah, a joyful water-drawing ceremony.

The holiday also serves as a reminder of life's fragility and the importance of gratitude, humility, and generosity. Spending time in a sukkah encourages reflection on what truly matters—connection, kindness, and faith.